لندن – وكالات: قالت سارة بريتشيت، الباحثة في المرصد الحقوقي الأورومتوسطي، إن الإمارات مسؤولة عن الإجراءات التي اتخذتها دول الحصار ضد قطر خلال الأزمة الخليجية، مبينة أن دورها فيه أساسي ولم تُكره عليه.

وعلّقت بريتشيت في حديث لـ«الخليج أونلاين»، أمس، على تصريح لوزارة الخارجية الإماراتية بأن حصار قطر جاء دعماً لدول خليجية، قائلة: إن «قول الإمارات بأنها دعمت السعودية فقط لا يغير شيئاً، ومن المبادئ الأساسية في القانون الدولي: سيادة الدول، والذي يعني أن كل دولة حرة في تصرفاتها، ولا يمكن القول إن دولة ما غير مسؤولة عن تصرف قامت به إلا في حالة واحدة؛ وهي أن تثبت أنها أُكرهت على ذلك، وهذا ما لم تقله أبوظبي».

وأوضحت بريتشيت أن «الاستجابة لرغبة دولة أخرى يأتي في سياق المجاملات الدولية والعلاقات الدبلوماسية، لكنه إذا أدى إلى انتهاكات لحقوق الإنسان وإضرار بالغير، فإن الدولة تتحمل مسؤولية ذلك الفعل، إلا أن بينت الإمارات أن القرار اتخذ بالإكراه وتحت تهديد جدي وقابل للوقوع من قبل البحرين أو السعودية، بصورة لم يكن لها ملجأ منها إلا أن تقوم بذلك». وأكدت أن الإمارات تبقى مسؤولة من الناحية القانونية عن الإجراءات التي اتخذتها، «وما شابها من عدم مشروعية، وما نتج عنها من أضرار تستحق التعويض»، مبينة أن «دور الإمارات في الأزمة أساسي».

وبينت أن «هناك عشرات الشكاوى التي وصلتنا حول إجراءاتها ضد مواطنين قطريين؛ بمنعهم من السفر إليها ما حرمهم من استكمال تعليمهم بالجامعات، وعدم قدرتهم على الوصول إلى ممتلكاتهم وتشتت عائلاتهم، إضافة إلى تجريم من يتعاطف مع قطر».

وقدمت الإمارات نفسها كداعم للحصار بدلاً من شريك، بعد وقوعها في ورطة قضائية عقب الدعوى التي رفعتها قطر ضدها أمام محكمة العدل الدولية، وحمّلت فيها أبوظبي مسؤولية أذى تكبَّدته عوائل قطرية، وحصول انتهاكات بسبب إجراءات الحصار الذي فُرض على البلاد.

وقالت أبوظبي في بيان لوزارة خارجيتها، صدر أمس الأول الخميس، إن الحصار جاء «دعماً للقرارات الصادرة من السعودية والبحرين»، وإنها لم تتخذ أي تدابير إدارية أو قانونية لإبعاد القطريين. وجاء البيان مناقضاً لما نشر سابقاً عبر وسائل إعلام إماراتية من بيانات رسمية عن منح القطريين مهلة 14 يوماً، أسوة بباقي دول الحصار، للخروج من البلاد.

Le président français, Emmanuel Macron, et l’émir du Qatar, Tamim ben Hamad al-Thani, se sont rencontrés hier à l’Élysée.

Bilateral energy co-operation between Qatar and the US was at the centrestage of the discussions between Qatar Petroleum president and CEO Saad Sherida al-Kaabi and US Secretary of Energy Rick Perry in Washington, DC recently.
Al-Kaabi and the accompanying delegation also held talks with the assistant secretary of state for the Bureau of Energy Resources, Francis R Fannon, which tackled energy co-operation between Qatar and the US.
The QP CEO held similar talks, on the sidelines of his participation in the World Gas Conference in the US capital, with a number of representatives in the US Congress and their assistants, who included member of the House Energy and Commerce Committee Joe Barton; member of the House Ways and Means Committee John Larson; member of the House Armed Services Committee and House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee Rick Larsen; member of the House Agriculture Committee and House Education and the Workforce Committee Rick Allen, and member of the House Energy and Commerce Committee and House Veterans’ Affairs Committee Gus Bilirakis.
Similar meetings were held with the chairman of the House Energy and Commerce Committee Greg Walden, and member of the House Energy and Commerce Committee Richard Hudson.
Al-Kaabi also met with member of the House Appropriations Committee and its subcommittees on Defense and Homeland Security Henry Cuellar, and member of the House Energy and Commerce Committee and its subcommittees on Energy and Health Kurt Schrader.
Discussions during the meetings centred on issues of mutual concern, foremost of which was the energy industry and Qatar’s partnerships with American companies in the fields of exploration and natural gas production.
Al-Kaabi also met in Washington with Paik Ungyu, the Minister of Trade, Industry and Energy in the Republic of Korea and senior officials at the ministry for a wide-ranging discussion of bilateral co-operation in the field of energy.
Al-Kaabi’s meetings in Washington, DC also included a number of discussions with presidents and CEOs of leading American energy companies, including ExxonMobil, ConocoPhillips, and Occidental Petroleum.

The expansion comes at a time when there are several liquefaction trains in the US ready to take FID. The Qatari project represents a challenge for these projects as it is estimated that it has the lowest breakeven price of all the planned projects in the world. Rystad Energy estimates that the breakeven price for the Qatari brownfield expansion would be around US$5.60 per MMBtu (including transport to Asia), which is around 34% below the breakeven price of the more competitive US projects.

Breakeven prices for the US projects are estimated to be between US$7.50 and US$9.10 per MMBtu (including transport to Asia). The main reasons for the Qatari project being more competitive are that natural gas production costs are below other regions, and its proximity to the Asian markets.

Qatargas signed a front-end engineering design (FEED) contract earlier this year sending a clear signal that they will go ahead with the development of the new trains. They have not yet disclosed the signing of long-term supply agreements with potential buyers, however, Chinese buyers could be especially interested in signing new agreements with Qatar since exports from the US could eventually be subject to tariffs if the trade war between China and the US continues to escalate.

Rystad Energy forecasts that at least 56 million t of new LNG supplies will be needed by 2025. If Qatar goes ahead with the commissioning of the new trains the volumes could come online by the start of 2023 (considering four years of project development), thus an additional 33 million t of capacity would still be needed by 2025 to keep the market balanced.

There are several projects awaiting FID in the US such as Sabine Pass Train 6, Delfin, Driftwood, Rio Grande and Texas LNG. Additionally, there are projects in other regions such as Mozambique LNG and Fortuna FLNG that have advanced negotiations. These projects could add the required additional capacity but would need to start their development by 2020 to avoid a supply shortage as demand continues to grow. On the other hand, there is a risk that too many projects take FID, leading to a loose market with depressed prices after 2020.

Many of the planned projects have not secured project financing since the developers need to sign long-term supply agreements that can guarantee they can meet their financial obligations.

With the current tight LNG market driven by strong Asian demand and Asian Spot prices trading above US$10 per MMBtu in the summer (a period when prices should theoretically drop), buyers could be more willing to sign new long-term supply agreements at the US$8 per MMBtu level required to take the US projects forward.

Overall, Rystad Energy expects Qatargas to take FID within 2018 or early 2019. The additional 33 million t will have to come from the US and other international plants but developers need to avoid a race that could potentially create a supply glut.

The International Court of Justice has announced that Saudi Arabia, Egypt, the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain filed an appeal against the decision handed down by the UN’s global civil aviation body over complaints made by Qatar.

The Applicants invoked Article 84 of the Chicago Convention, read in conjunction with Articles 36 (1) and 37 of the Statute of the Court.

The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) last week ruled it had the jurisdiction to determine a dispute brought by Qatar on the free passage of passenger planes.

The four countries want the ICJ to nullify ICAO’s ruling, saying its decision was “manifestly flawed and in violation of fundamental principles of due process and the right to be heard.”

The Application submitted by them asserts that, in 2013 and 2014, following years of diplomatic activities, Gulf Cooperation Council member states adopted a series of instruments and undertakings under which Qatar “committed to cease supporting, financing or harboring persons or groups presenting a danger to national security, in particular terrorist groups”.

After Qatar failed to abide by its commitments, the four states adopted a range of counter-measures “with the aim of inducing compliance by Qatar”. These measures included airspace restrictions to aircraft registered in Qatar, which submitted to ICAO, an Application considering the measures of the four states a violation of international agreements.

However, the four countries said ICAO’s decision on June 29 came “immediately following the close of oral submissions, and without asking any questions or undertaking any deliberations”

So they said the decision is “manifestly flawed and in violation of fundamental principles of due process and the right to be heard”.

They also said that “the ICAO Council erred in fact and in law”, requesting the Court to adjudge.

It’s going to be hard to trump the world’s biggest liquefied natural gas producer on price.
Qatar can start making a profit from the fuel at three-quarters of the cost of the cheapest US projects, according to Oslo-based researcher Rystad Energy. The Arabian Gulf nation, which became the world’s richest per capita thanks to the superchilled fuel, plans to expand its own production, making it a formidable adversary as the US and Australia vie for its crown.
The nation can tap its share of the world’s largest known gas deposit and benefit from its location as it plans to expand LNG output by 30%. That may cement its position and help meet rising demand in Asia.
The US is set to overtake Australia as the second-largest LNG exporter by 2023, according to the International Energy Agency.
“The Qatari project represents a challenge for these projects as it is estimated that it has the lowest break-even price of all the planned projects in the world,” Rystad Energy said in a note.
“The main reasons for the Qatari project being more competitive are that natural gas production costs are below other regions, and its proximity to the Asian markets.”
With Australia, Qatar and the US together meeting about 60% of global supply by 2023, “the balance of power between suppliers changes,” according to the IEA.
It’s not just about bragging rights. Controlling more global supply may give Qatar more clout in negotiating contracts. That comes as buyers form powerful global alliances and regulators increasingly scrutinise the way the fuel is sold.
The US has a chance to catch up because it’s becoming cheaper to build the plants that chill natural gas to minus 160 degrees Celsius (minus 260 Fahrenheit) to turn it into a liquid for export. But lower capital expenditure costs, don’t necessarily mean cheaper LNG, Sanford C Bernstein & Co said in a report last month.
“While this looks very attractive at the surface compared to the projects in the rest of the world, capex only tells part of the story,” Bernstein said. “We need to adjust for opex-related items of gas purchases and shipping.”
In the US, projects including Cheniere Energy Inc’s Sabine Pass Train 6, Delfin LNG, Texas LNG, Tellurian Inc’s Driftwood and NextDecade Corp’s Rio Grande are all waiting for FIDs after Cheniere greenlighted a new unit at its Corpus Christi site in May. They will likely compete globally with Africa’s Mozambique LNG and Fortuna FLNG, an expanded site in Papua New Guinea and efforts from Canada to Russia.
While the new projects could help meet demand and a potential shortfall, there may be a flip side, Rystad Energy said.
“There is a risk that too many projects take FID, leading to a loose market with depressed prices after 2020,” it said.

Bloomberg/Moscow

Russia’s deal with Opec on crude supply is starting to look straightforward – when compared with looming decisions on how taxes will be levied on the nation’s oil industry into the next decade.
The Duma, or lower house of parliament, was set to start discussing legislation yesterday, which aims to finally move the tax burden for Russian oil producers to the point of production rather than export, ending years of wrangling. The government now appears to be moving up a gear in pushing through tax changes, prompted partly by protests over surging gasoline costs after international crude prices rose to multi-year highs.
The changes in the oil industry, which have become known as the tax manoeuvre, are also part of a wider fiscal overhaul aimed at boosting economic growth and increasing revenue. The plans will alter the long-standing system of charges relating to the provision of crude to refineries in Belarus and Kazakhstan which currently costs Russia about 140bn roubles ($2.2bn) annually. The changes are now expected to take place over the next six years.
Russian government officials have become increasingly vocal about rising pump prices in recent weeks, mirroring a wave of state intervention in retail fuel that has swept from Latin America to India. Newly appointed Russian Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Kozak secured a freeze in gasoline prices and touted the possibility of increased export taxes on the motor fuel to secure domestic supply. Looking to the longer term, lawmakers will now consider tax incentives to boost the production of gasoline, while measures to raise export duties or cap pump prices will only be looked at on an ad hoc basis, rather than as a main feature of the proposals.
In addition to stimulating gasoline output, oil producers will be granted tax relief to alleviate concerns that the planned gradual increase in the extraction tax from the start of 2019 until 2024 will push up the cost of crude. Companies including state-run Rosneft PJSC, which could suffer from a drop in refining margins as crude costs rise, are expected to be compensated, depending on how much gasoline-processing capacity they have and also whether they are subject to international sanctions. Russia will also seek to introduce a ratio in the excise tax formula to cap increases in domestic fuel prices if global crude prices spike.
Russian export duties and extraction taxes currently equate to between 60% and 65% of oil prices and that will remain roughly the same with the proposed changes, said Denis Borisov, a director at the Ernst & Young Oil and Gas Center in Moscow.
The crude export duty will be abolished in 2024, a year before the scheduled end to tariffs between Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan under plans for a wider customs agreement. There is currently a disparity in the levy on crude shipped to Belarus and the subsequent supply of fuels back to Russia. The government will also retain the right to reintroduce the levy if crude prices increase above certain limits.
There’s still little clarity on how the plan would affect every single Russian oil producer as some of the formulas are yet to be expanded, said Alexander Kornilov, an analyst at Aton LLC in Moscow. “And practice shows that even the most detailed of Russia’s schemes for oil taxes – its key source of budget revenue – are often adjusted and re-adjusted after adoption.”

Bloomberg/Caracas

Venezuela’s distressed oil sector may get some much needed financing from China, Finance Minister Simon Zerpa said after meetings with officials from China Development Bank and China National Petroleum Corp.
China Development Bank will invest more than $250mn to boost Venezuela oil production in the Orinoco Belt, Zerpa, who is currently in Beijing for bilateral talks, said in a ministry statement.
“We’ve received the authorisation for a direct investment of more than $250mn from China Development Bank to increase PDVSA production, and we’re already putting together financing for a special loan that China’s government is granting Venezuela for $5bn for direct investments in production,” Zerpa said.
The two countries will sign an additional three or four financing deals in the coming weeks, he said.
Venezuela’s oil output averaged 2.9mn bpd in 2013, when President Nicolas Maduro was first elected. In June, output dropped to around 1.36mn bpd, according to International Energy Agency data. State oil company PDVSA has been struggling to send oil shipments to China after a legal order granted to ConocoPhillips froze its assets in Caribbean ports and terminals.
Maduro has vowed to boost production by 1mn additional barrels, while critics say output will plummet to 1mn bpd by the end of 2018.
Zerpa, who has served in the post since October, was sanctioned by the US Treasury Department before his appointment.

A red-hot electric vehicle market has triggered a face-off between Big Oil and utilities.
Oil majors, who’ve sold fossil fuels to cars for a century, are now moving into an electricity sector that’s preparing for exponential growth. The problem is that utilities, the primary power suppliers for a century, have the same idea.
BP Plc predicts electric vehicle sales will surge by an eye-watering 8,800% between 2017 and 2040, making it an attractive business for oil companies as demand for gasoline and diesel are forecast to slow. Big Oil will have to battle the traditional utilities for charging at people’s homes, on the road and even offices of green-car owners.
“It’s the banging together of” industries “in a way that’s never happened before,” said Erik Fairbairn, the founder and CEO of Pod Point Ltd, one of the UK’s largest electric-vehicle charging companies. Power providers are, for the first time, meaningfully interacting with car companies and the oil industry “is realising if they get this wrong then the requirement for them in the future is significantly diminished,” he said.
The logic for oil companies is clear. Gasoline and diesel sales have been a backbone of their business since the internal combustion engine went commercial at the turn of the last century. But with drivers now becoming more conscious about emissions and the environment, most analysts forecast growth in demand of these fuels to slow and eventually drop.
Vehicle charging points are a way to bring drivers to oil companies’ retail forecourts, keep the cash registers ringing and also bring in revenue from the sale of coffee and snacks. Tufan Erginbilgic, chief executive officer of BP’s downstream business, estimates about half of the gross margin at its retail sites comes from non-fuel sales.
The British oil major said last week it would spend about $170mn to buy electric-vehicle charging company, Chargemaster, with plans to add the technology to its existing network of retail stations. It follows similar moves by Royal Dutch Shell Plc, the world’s second-biggest oil company by market value.
The deal “makes sense,” Oswald Clint, an analyst at Sanford C Bernstein Ltd wrote in a report. “BP wants to remain a fuel retailer of choice, therefore they need an EV offering as those vehicle types rise in number.”
However, Pod Point’s Fairbairn estimates only 3% of car charging will occur while drivers are in transit, with the overwhelming majority plugging them in overnight at home or wherever they leave their vehicles sitting idle. This directly plays into the hands of existing utilities.
For power companies, EV charging is less of a hedge against losing customers and more of an opportunity to capitalize on what will likely be a big surge in electricity demand. Sweden’s Vattenfall AB and Finland’s Fortum Oyj are currently installing chargers at homes and outside offices. “What we see is that most charging takes place when the car is parked for four hours or more,” said Tomas Bjornsson, vice president of e-mobility at Vattenfall. “Essentially at home, at work or at a destination like if you’re going to a shopping mall, football game or whatever it could be. So this is really where we want to make sure that EV drivers get access.”
Both utilities are also vying to provide drivers with charging infrastructure along highways such as at fuel stations, and rivalling the oil majors’ plans.
“We are covering much of the value chain,” said Rami Syvari, head of international sales and business development at Fortum Charge & Drive, a division focused on electric vehicles. “Not all customers are able to charge at home or at the office; it is an overall package.”
Big Oil and utilities could, of course, coexist with fuel retailers dominating on-the-road charging and utilities taking on homes and offices. But the oil majors’ ambitions are likely to be bigger.
Shell estimates 40% of vehicle charging will occur at home and another 40% at work. So last year it bought First Utility, the seventh largest power-provider in the UK, taking what is perhaps the most direct shot at existing electricity suppliers’ market share.
The deal “should come as no surprise,” Mark Gainsborough, executive vice president of New Energies at Shell wrote in a LinkedIn post in December.
In October, Shell said it was buying NewMotion, Europe’s largest electric-vehicle charging provider. In late November, it reached an agreement with IONITY – a Munich-based venture between BMW Group, Daimler AG, Ford Motor Co and Volkswagen AG – to start charging stations in 10 European nations.
As the battle for market share heats up, Aleksandra O’Donovan, an advanced transportation analyst at Bloomberg New Energy Finance, believes both Big Oil and the utilities will have a part to play, and demographics and geography will determine each sector’s success.
“It won’t be one solution fits all,” O’Donovan said. “The split will vary from country to country depending on how people live. It will be a different story in Norway versus Tokyo.”

Upcoming elections in Zimbabwe will be a defining test of the country’s new era, following years of disputed votes under ousted ruler Robert Mugabe, the European Union (EU) observer mission said yesterday.
Previous elections were marred by violence, intimidation and fraud — often alleged to involve the ruling ZANU-PF party and state security forces.
Mugabe’s successor and former ally, President Emmerson Mnangagwa, has pledged to hold free and fair elections as he seeks to mend international relations and draw in foreign investment.
“These elections are a critical test of Zimbabwe’s reform process,” EU chief election observer Elmar Brok told at a press conference in Harare ahead of the July 30 vote.
“Given the context of past elections, great efforts need to be made to ensure public and political confidence.
“Necessary efforts include transparency and inclusivity, confidence in the integrity of the voter roll, emphasis on (the) secrecy of the vote and the peaceful conduct of the polls.”
The poll will be the first ballot-box test for Mnangagwa since Mugabe was forced out last November after 37 years in power.
EU observers have not attended Zimbabwean elections since 2002. The head of its mission at the time, Pierre Schori, was thrown out of the country on the eve of presidential elections widely condemned as flawed.
At Mnangagwa’s invitation, the EU is to deploy 44 observers on July 30, with 44 more observers due to deploy before polling day.
Brok said the mission’s work would include monitoring the conduct of the campaign, results transmission and resolution of disputes.
Mnangagwa, 75, is facing youthful opposition leader Nelson Chamisa in a presidential race that has a total of 23 candidates.
Chamisa, of the Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) party, has accused electoral officials and Mnangagwa of blocking essential electoral reforms.
The MDC will hold a demonstration next week to push its demands, which include observing the printing of ballot papers.